
01 — Nature & Stress
Nature Can Help Us Unwind.
28%lower stress and annoyance
Across experimental studies, people who heard natural sounds reported less stress and annoyance. Water sounds showed the strongest effect.
About this research
- The study
- Buxton et al. (2021), a meta-analysis in PNAS. 36 publications reviewed; 12 studies contributed to the stress and annoyance result.
- What was measured
- Self-reported stress and annoyance, plus health and positive mood.
- Compared with
- No sound, noise, or fewer natural sounds, depending on the study.
- Worth knowing
- The 28% is the authors’ conversion of a standardised effect size (Hedges’ g = −0.60). It is a relative difference between groups, not a 28-point drop on a scale. Most studies took place in labs, and results varied between them.












